The Hidden Connection Between Infections and Cancer
When we think about the causes of cancer, tobacco consumption, excessive alcohol, poor diet, and genetic factors typically come to mind. However, a landmark study has challenged these traditional boundaries, revealing that common viruses and bacteria can also lead to the disease.
According to a report by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization, published in 'The Lancet Oncology', about one in every eight cancer cases globally is linked to an infection. In 2024, nearly 2.3 million new cancer cases worldwide were attributed to infections. In India alone, roughly 1.9 million cancer cases out of 1.56 million total new cases were connected to viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections.
Experts explain that this does not mean an infection immediately turns into cancer. Rather, chronic infections cause long-term inflammation, tissue damage, and cellular disruptions that pave the way for cancer over many years.
HPV Emerges as the Leading Contributor
Researchers examined 12 infectious agents classified as 'Group 1 carcinogens'. In India, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) emerged as the biggest culprit, linked to over 100,000 cases, primarily cervical cancer. Timely vaccination and regular screening can effectively prevent HPV-related cancers.
Other major pathogens include Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), which was linked to around 22,000 cases, highlighting the diverse biological roots of various tumors.
The Role of H. pylori and Hepatitis
Helicobacter pylori, a common bacterium affecting the stomach lining, was linked to approximately 47,000 gastric cancer cases in India. If left untreated, chronic ulcers caused by this bacterium can mutate into malignancies.
Additionally, chronic Hepatitis B and C infections were responsible for around 10,000 and 5,300 liver cancer cases respectively. Vaccines for Hepatitis B and early antiviral treatments play a crucial role in mitigating these risks.
